While growing up, none of us in my generation learned about Elizebeth Smith Friedman, the Quaker girl from the Midwest who was in fact one of our greatest national heroes. We didn’t know that she had cracked German codes during World War I, helping the Allies to win that terrible conflict, then returned to her role as codebreaker to play a key role in defeating the Nazis in World War II.
In between the wars, she briefly received some press attention for helping authorities bust major gangsters, including Al Capone, but I don’t recall ever hearing about that in my childhood either.
One reason her work was ignored is that an egomaniacal publicity seeker named J. Edgar Hoover had claimed all the credit in the high-profile mobster arrests. We all learned Hoover’s version of the mobster wars and how his G-men had brought the criminals to justice.
Another reason was sexism. Women almost never got the credit they deserved for heroic deeds in the first 70 years of the 20th century; the men holding power in every sector of public life, including the press, made sure of that.
Not that Elizebeth worried too much about such matters herself. A modest person, self-contained, she didn’t much like the limelight.
But her crowning achievement — cracking ever more sophisticated German codes during World War II — remained completely hidden, secret from my generation when we were growing up largely because all of those involved, including Friedman, had to sign pledges that they would never speak of their work as long as they lived.
Friedman kept that pledge. She died in 1980.
Meanwhile, the insufferable Hoover was not required to sign any such pledge so he again took all the credit for busting the German spy rings during the war, embellishing his legend as well as that of his beloved FBI and ignoring the true heroes.
Only when long-classified records of the war-time code-breaking work done by Elizebeth and the small unit she created were declassified in 2000 did her role finally begin to come out into the open.
Even then, it took a sustained effort by a few scholars and activists, mostly women, to begin to get Elizebeth Smith Friedman a modicum of the posthumous credit she so richly deserves.
Ultimately, though. history has a way of evening out the playing field, doesn’t it? Engulfed by scandal at his death, today J. Edgar Hoover is widely remembered as a monumental jerk, although he does have a building named after him. Meanwhile, Elizebeth’s legacy has only recently started emerging but she already has a couple of reading rooms named in her honor.
This is an example of revisionist history that is very much worth knowing. I again commend Jason Fagone’s The Woman Who Smashed Codes as one of the sources for those who wish to know more.
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